Web Developer Dictionary

Binary search is a search algorithm for a sorted array with O(log n) complexity. Instead of checking every element, the search space is halved at each step. One billion elements — at most 30 iterations.IdeaCompare the target value with the middle elementIf equal — foundIf target is smaller — search the left halfIf larger — search the right halfRepeatExamplefunction binarySearch(array $arr, int $target): int { $lo = 0; $hi = count($arr) - 1; while ($lo

Blue-green deployment is a zero-downtime deployment strategy. Two identical production environments exist: blue (current) and green (new). Traffic switches instantly; if something goes wrong, it switches back instantly.FlowThe green environment is updated to the new versionSmoke tests run on greenThe load balancer switches all traffic from blue to greenBlue stays on standby — rollback takes secondsAdvantagesZero downtime — switching is instantaneousEasy rollback — just switch traffic backSmoke testing on real infrastructure before users see itAlternativesCanary deployment — gradual rollout (1% → 10% → 100%). Rolling deployment — updating instances one at a time without stopping traffic.

Brute Force is an attack by exhaustive enumeration: an attacker systematically tries every possible password or key until the correct one is found. With a sufficiently long password it is mathematically infeasible, but short passwords are vulnerable.DefencesRate limiting — block after N failed attempts per intervalCAPTCHA — prove the request is from a human, not a botAccount lockout — temporary lock after X failed attempts2FA — even with a compromised password, a second factor is requiredBcrypt/Argon2 — slow hashing that makes hash enumeration expensiveDictionary attackA brute-force variant — trying a dictionary of common passwords rather than all combinations. "password123" and "qwerty" are tried first. Passwords must therefore be long and random.

A bundler is a tool that assembles JavaScript (and CSS) from dozens or hundreds of modules into one or a few optimised files for the browser. The browser cannot efficiently load thousands of small files.What it doesModule bundling — combines ES modules, CommonJS into one bundleTree shaking — removes unused codeCode splitting — splits into chunks loaded lazilyTranspiling — TypeScript, JSX → JavaScript via Babel/SWCAsset optimisation — minification, filename hashing for cache bustingPopular bundlersVite — dev server on ESM, build via Rollup. Very fast HMRWebpack — the standard for many years, huge plugin ecosystemRollup — optimal for libraries, excellent tree-shakingesbuild — written in Go, 10–100× faster than Webpack